Introduction
is a unit solid dosage form containing active ingredient with or without suitable excipients. These are the most widely used dosage form. The main objective of the design and manufacture of the compressed tablet is to deliver orally correct amount of drug in the properform over proper time and at desired location, so as to have suitable chemical integrity protected at the point of its action. The physical design, manufacturing process, and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficiency of the drug being administered. MADG is a process in which moisture is used to activate granule formation, without the need to apply heat to dry the granules. During this process, the generation of moist agglomerates is followed by the stepwise addition and blending of common pharmaceutical ingredients that absorb and distribute the moisture, which results in a uniform, free-flowing and compactable granulation. Comparison of MADG process with conventional granulation methods The MADG method produced granules with excellent flowability.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 The tablets prepared using the MADG method had better content uniformity MADG is a simple, economical, clean, lean and robust process that creates granulation with very good physical properties and finished products with satisfactory quality attributes In the MADG process, only a small amount of water is used to create agglomeration. Moisture distribution and absorption steps follow, and neither heat drying nor milling is needed.7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
The Objectives of the Research Work:
To prepare, optimize, characterize immediate release tablets by MADG process and set parameters that can serve as quality control tool.
To overcome the difficulties experienced with wet granulation, in terms of endpoint, drying and milling.
To perform Preformulation studies of selected API.
To shorten the processing time
To improve the efficacy of drug and minimize endpoint sensitivity.
To optimize the developed formulation.
Physicochemical, in-vitro evaluation of optimized formulation.
To study stability of optimized formulation.
To improve the solubility of drug.
Materials and Methods
Melting point
Melting point analysis is also useful for identification of compound. The melting point range can be indicated and recorded with the help of a digital thermometer. Small amount of crystals of sample was fetched into the melting point capillary tube. The capillary tube contained the sample was placed into the melting point apparatus. . Hence, both initial and final melting point of the samples was observed and recorded. This experiment was repeated twice to obtain the ranges of the melting point. The melting point of Paracetamol ranges from 167 to174 degree Celsius.
Solubility
Solubility of Paracetamol is determined in ethanol (95%) and acetone. Solubility studies were performed by taking excess amount of Paracetamol in different beakers containing the solvents. The mixture was shaken for 24 hrs. at regular intervals. The solution was filtered by using whattmann's filter paper grade no.41. The filtered solutions were analyzed spectrophotometric ally at 243 nm.
Infrared absorption spectrophotometry
The experiment was conducted for all samples.0.1g of each samples were measured with macro spatula and 1ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to it. The solution was gently shake and heated to boil for about three minutes. 1ml of water was added to the boiling solution. After boiling, the solution was then placed in an ice bath to cool. Observation was made and there was no precipitation form. Therefore, 0.05m of 4.9/L solution of potassium dichromate was added to it and the colour developed for sample was violet without changing into red.
Determination of λmax
A solution of Paracetamol containing the concentration 10 µg/ml was prepared in acetone and UV spectrum was taken using Shimadzu 1800, Japan UV/ Visible Double beam Spectrophotometer. The solution was scanned in the range of 200 - 400 nm. a. Preparation of standard calibration curve of Paracetamol: 100 mg of Paracetamol was accurately weighed and transferred into 100 ml volumetric flask. It was dissolved and made up to the volume with 0.1 N HCl to gine stock solution containing 1000 µg/ml. From the standard stock solution, 10 ml solution was diluted with 100 ml 0.1 N HCl (100 µg/ml). Appropriate aliquots were taken in different volumetric flasks and made up to 10 ml with 0.1 N HCl so as to get 6 different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) µg/ml. The UV absorbance readings were taken at 243 nm using UV- Visible spectrophotometer. 0.1 N HCl was used as a blank. The Beer- Lambert curve was drawn and correlation coefficients calculated.
Compatibility Studies
Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) Spectrophotometer of pure crystalline drug and granules were obtained. The samples were diluted with pure crystalline KBr. The pellets were prepared on a KBr-press (Spectra lab, India). The spectra were scanned at range from 4000 cm-400 cm-1. 6.2.8 Loss on drying: Loss on drying is the loss of weight expressed as percentage w/w resulting from volatile matter of any kind that can be driven off under specified condition. The test can be carried out on the well mixed sample of the substance.
Drug - excipients compatibility studies
Drug excipients studies holds great importance in designing a formulation. In drug formulation it is essential to evaluate the possible interactions between the active principle and the excipients, as the choice of the excipients should be performed in relation to the drug delivery, to their compatibility with the same drug and to the stability of the final product. 1.3. Preparation and evaluation of granules:
Preparation of granules
There are two major stages in MADG
Agglomeration and moisture distribution / absorption. All ingredients were weighed and passed through mesh #40. During agglomeration, Paracetamol was mixed with agglomerating binders such as PVP K30 and Kollidon 90F to obtain a uniform mixture. While mixing, a small amount of water was sprayed onto the powder blend, which moistened the binder and makes it tacky. The binder facilitates the binding of the drug and excipients as they move in a circular motion forced by the mixer impellers or blades. The resulting agglomerates were small and spherical because the amount of water used in MADG is much lower than in conventional wet granulation; thus preventing the agglomerates from forming large wet lumps. The particle size of the agglomerates generally falls in the range of 150–500 µm. In moisture distribution/absorption, moisture absorbents, such as microcrystalline cellulose or colloidal anhydrous silica, were added while mixing continues. When they came into contact, the moisture absorbents pick up moisture from the moist agglomerates resulted in moisture redistribution within the mixture. When this happens, the entire mixture becomes relatively dry. While some of the moisture is removed from the wet agglomerates, some of these agglomerates remain almost intact and some - usually the larger particles -may break up. This process results in granulation with more uniform particle size distribution. The process continues with the addition of a disintegrant, such as crospovidone, to the mixture followed by blending for a few minutes. Then, while mixing, lubricant(s), such as magnesium stearate are added and blended for sufficient time to achieve adequate lubricity. Different formulations were prepared by MADG technique.
Table 1
Different formulations were prepared by MADG technique
Evaluation of micromeritic properties of granules
Before tablet preparation, the mixture blend of all the formulation were subjected for compatibility studies, IR. and pre-compressible parameters like Angle of repose, Bulk density, Tapped density, Compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio.
The tablets prepared were subjected to post compression parameters like Hardness, Friability, Weight variation, Wetting time, Water absorption ratio, in-vitro dissolution and in-vitro disintegration. Tablet compression was carried out in Rotary compression machine. Compression force was kept constant throughout the study. Compression was carried out using 12.5 mm flat beveled edge punches Rotary Press Tablet , Rimek Tablet Compression Machine according to the 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5... a total number of five formulations were prepared along with one with conventional wet granulation process and weight of all tablets kept constant. i.e 595 mg.
Result and Discussion
Preformulation studies of paracetamol
The Preformulation studies of drug were carried out by conducting various parameters i.e. solubility, melting point, pH determination and spectral analysis.
Estimation of Paracetamol by UV Spectroscopy
Determination of λ max for Paracetamol: The λ max for Paracetamol was found to be 243 nm.
Calibration curve
Absorbance data for the calibration curve of Paracetamol at 243 nm
Table 2
Calibration curve of paracetamol
|
Sr. no |
Concentration (µg/ml) |
Absorbance |
|
1. |
0 |
0.00 |
|
2. |
2 |
0.14 |
|
3. |
4 |
0.23 |
|
4. |
6 |
0.35 |
|
5. |
8 |
0.44 |
|
6. |
10 |
0.62 |
Pre-compression evaluation of paracetamol tablets
Five formulations were prepared along with a formulation with conventional wet granulation method was prepared. For each designed formulation, powder mixed blend of drug and excipients were prepared and evaluated for various parameters as follows:
Angle of repose (θ)
The angle of repose of various powders mixed blend, prepared with different quantities, was measured by cylinder method. Angle of repose was found in the range from 29.42 to 37.27. The good flow ability of powder blend was also evidenced with angle of repose which is indicated a good flow ability. The result is given in Table 8:
Moisture content
Moisture content of various powders mixed blend, prepared with different quantities, was determined using a moisture balance (Mettler PM 480, Switzerland) fitted with an infrared heating unit (Mettler LP 16). Moisture content was found in the range from 2.11 to 2.19
The result are given in Table 9.
Tapped density
The tapped density of various powder mixed blends prepared with different quantities, was measured by measuring cylinder. The tapped density was found in the range from 0.605 to 0.621. The result is given in Table 10.
Compressibility index
The compressibility index of various powder mixed blends prepared with different quantities using bulk density and tapped density data, compressibility index was calculated. It was found in the range 9.06 to 17.34 indicates better flow. The results are given in false.
Table 6
Compressibility index of various powder mixed blends
|
Batch code |
Compressibility Index(%) |
|
F1 |
17.34 |
|
F2 |
16.86 |
|
F3 |
14.57 |
|
F4 |
12.43 |
|
F5 |
9.06 |
|
FCWG |
16.65 |
Hausner ratio
The Hausner ratio of various powder mixed blends prepared with different quantities, it was calculated by using bulk density and tapped density data. It was found in the range of 1.1 to 1.19. As the results are in range of <1.25 indicates better flow. The results are given in Table no.
Evaluation of paracetamol tablets
Weight variation
s were prepared using Moisture activated dry granulation technique and was compared with those of prepared with Conventional wet Granulation technique. The tablets were obtained in the range with acceptable weight variations as per pharmacopoeia specifications i.e. less than 5%. The results are given in Table 12.
Thickness
s were evaluated by using vernier caliper. The thickness of tablets was found to be 2.1 uniform thicknesses was obtained due to uniform die fill. The results are given in Table 13.
Table 9
Thickness of various tablets
|
Batch code |
Thickness (mm) |
|
F1 |
2.12 |
|
F2 |
2.13 |
|
F3 |
2.10 |
|
F4 |
2.13 |
|
F5 |
2.04 |
|
FCWG |
2.16 |
Tablets were evaluated by using hardness tester. Hardness of the tablets was found in the range 1.91 to 2.02. The results are given in Table 14.
Friability
s were evaluated by using RocheFriabilator and Friability of tablets was observed in acceptable range 0.21 to 0.73 (Less than 1%).The results are given in Disintegration.
Times were evaluated for disintegration time in the disintegration test apparatus (I.P) The disintegration time was found in the range 2.2 min to 14.32 min for all the batches. The result is given in.
Content uniformity
The results for content uniformity are presented in table no. The results showed drug content were lying within the limits. The assay limit of Paracetamol tablets as per IP is 99-110%. The assays of the tablets were carried out as a process given in IP and data table are as follows.
Table 12
Content uniformity
|
Batch code |
Content uniformity (%) |
|
F1 |
102.27%, |
|
F2 |
100.43% |
|
F3 |
101.32% |
|
F4 |
99.89% |
|
F5 |
97.35% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FCWG |
104.63 % |
Table 13
In vitro drug release
In-vitro release studies
The Comparative analysis of each formulation was based on in vitro kinetic parameters, which elucidated the release profile. The time taken for 80% drug release was taken as a response for comparative interpretation of binder quantities.. The in-vitro drug release of tablets of Paracetamol for all formulation are given as follows.
Dissolution profile of Paracetamol tablets
Stability studies of paracetamol tablets
On the basis of drug release profile along with other parameters, it was concluded that the batch F3 was an optimized batch, as it had all desirable properties. A stability study was carried out to check the stability of rapid disintegrating tablets of the Optimized batch at 40±2°C and 75±5% RH for three month. After time period of 03 month Hardness, Weight Variation, Friability, Disintegration time, Drug content study was carried out. From results of stability study as shown it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the Hardness, Weight Variation, Friability, Disintegration time, Drug content parameters. So, it was concluded that selected formulation is stable for longer time period.
40 °C ± 2°C /75% RH ± 5% RH and At Room Temperature.
Conclusion
The MADG process to prepare PCM tablets was found to be a simple, clean, lean, and robust process for particle-size enlargement.
The results from the evaluation of the effects of the granulating binder level, binder type suggest that the MADG process is robust and creates granulation with good physical properties and finished products with satisfactory quality attributes.
The process is applicable for accomplishing most of the granulation need for solid dosage- form development as practiced in the pharmaceutical industry.
It is essentially a one- step granulation process. It is also an economical, energy-saving, green, and efficient manufacturing process.
The PCM tablets prepared by MADG process had advantages such as short manufacturing time and few critical formulation and process variables when compared with convention wet granulation process.
Article DOI
